Abhishek Jain, Recipient of the Daksha Fellowship for
Technology, Law and Policy, New Delhi
The paper is an attempt to ascertain the differences between two types of diplomacy at play
and to trace through their features, the different attributes, rationale and implications of
diplomacy that the governments and sub-state actors resort to, namely Para-diplomacy and
Constituent-diplomacy. The paper will start with a basic introduction to the concept of
diplomacy and its significance in foreign policy making. It will move towards the
substantive questions in order to aim for greater clarity of the topic. The paper will lay
out the reasoning and delve into controversial yet politically and economically significant
issues. Thereafter, nuanced arguments will be offered for nations practicing the two types
of diplomacies and the interpretations of such diplomacy along with the conditions
necessitating constituent or para-diplomacy to be in practice. The paper will analyse
through certain case studies and examples from the United States, United Kingdom, Brazil,
Germany, India and China to provide a comprehensive and comparative outlook of the two types
of diplomacy opted by various countries and the results that have followed. The paper will
also delve on the question as to whether the two types of diplomacies are relevant to
countries beyond the western democracies and whether such types of diplomacy have a future.
Dr. Santhosh Mathew, Associate Professor, Centre for
South Asian Studies,
School of International Studies & Social Sciences, Pondicherry Central University,
Puducherry.
This article tries to understand and evaluate the importance of West Asia for India. It
looks deeply at the various multifaceted reasons that make West Asia connected and vital to
India. The West Asian countries have the closest ties with India regarding economic,
political and cultural linkages. The change of attitudes and policies is also closely
evaluated, along with observing the impact on the Indo-Pak strained relation. India-West
Asia relation has been upscale in recent years after the turbulent few years. India is
trying to give more importance to the extended neighbour. It tries to frame policies and
tripartite foreign policy to maintain an excellent healthy relationship with every West Asia
member. Multiple reasons are from the sizeable Indian diaspore in the gulf region, large per
cent remittances to the high dependency on the GCC countries for oil and energy resources to
the rising trade relations to the defence partner. All these factors force India to maintain
a cordial relationship with West Asia.
Dr. Jacob John, Retd. Professor of Biochemistry and Ph.D
Fellow in School of International Relations & Politics, Mahatma Gandhi University,
Kottayam, Kerala.
The quest for competition, domination, expansionism and conflicts or confrontation has been
existing from prehistoric period and the present global community is forced to conclude that
the emergence of unipolarity with globalisation may be the zenithal point of human
intellectualism. The current state of international politics indicate that the bipolarity
may not take man again to a state of multipolarity but to one of permanent bipolarity with
one possessing technological supremacy and the other one competing to dethrone the existing
technological hegemony of US. That US could close the second world war with nuclear devices
and that this is the best way to win a war several developed countries and the developing
countries speeded up the attempts to fabricate the nuclear weapons. Thus UK, erstwhile USSR,
France, China, Israel and India could succeed in making nuclear arms and missile systems
fitted with nuclear war head. However, immediately after the second world war the process of
decolonisation was speeded up and with this the spirit of nationalism was hastened. As more
and more nations acquired sophisticated defence equipment the world was transformed into one
of tripolarity with the first world framed upon the principles of capitalism, the second
world carved out of the values of socialism and the third world moulded on the principles of
idealism with an antifirst world and prosecond world approach. On account of the tripolarity
tensions between nations sprang up leading to conflicts and military confrontations.
However, UN contributed substantially to bring peace to the warring nations.
Prof. K. Vidyasagar Reddy, Department of Political
Science, Central University of Mizoram, Aizawl.
Debates over developmental notions assume significance when regional disparities exist in
various states in India. Different regions of states cannot look alike, geographically and
development wise, so similar pattern of development is unanticipated. Nor is it feasible.
Based on the local resources and needs that the developmental strategies have to be
formulated and implemented. Whenever the state and governments assume the responsibility of
balancing the interests of different regions, both advanced and backward, then there cannot
be scope for regional inequality. But in the name of democratic governance, usually the
numerically dominant regions would seek better development than the others and even at the
cost of the latter. Obviously, the interests of both regions would become conflicting at
times. In a way, it is about developmental gap that leads to the rise of statehood movements
as it happened in more than a dozen states in India. While four such movements got
materialised into the formation of new states in the last two decades, many more are anxious
about their fate. Of all the factors that contributed for the rise of statehood movements,
development gap as part of intra-state differences had become the main bone of contention
and that paved the way for organising the mass movements in some states. This paper is aimed
at debating the issues both developmental and otherwise that had precipitated the statehood
movements in the country. And, this paper is also about debating the developmental
strategies that would help the new states to achieve the promised development, as was
assured when statehood movements were underway.
Monika Tiwari, Assistant Professor, Department of
Sociology & Political Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute , Agra, Uttar Pradesh
and Dr. Vinod Khobragade, Associate Professor, Department of Sociology & Political
Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute, Agra, Uttar Pradesh.
The world is witnessing a wide range of wars, causing increase in displacements globally.
Each year, the number of refugees is rising rapidly, making it a serious socio-political and
humanitarian crisis. In this lieu of the events, India has been hosting refugees since
independence. India, over the years, has faced more refugees than ever due to instability
and socio- political persecutions in neighboring countries, such as; Bangladesh, Tibet,
Afghanistan, Myanmar and Sri Lanka. Yet, India has not developed any national policy or law
for dealing with the refugee influx. The absence of law has made stand of government more
situational and political rather uniform and consistent, which has increased uncertainty
over the refugee rights and refoulement under customary International law. The recent
Citizenship Amendment Bill has also increased the fault lines in dealing with the refugee
crisis. The paper is an attempt to assess the current situation of refugee influx in India
and to analyze the stand of Indian government over the years towards the refugee crisis. It
suggests for framing National Refugee policy to address the gravity of the matter. The world
is sustained by humanity. At present, the world is going through humanistic catastrophe
where governments and politics, are required to reassess their stands over the refugees’
plight. In recent years, the issue of refugees have been used as a nationalist agenda on
podiums but not taken on forums to have substantive discussions. India, being a neighbor of
the two major displaced countries i.e. Afghanistan and Myanmar, is affected by the regional
disturbances. When India locates itself as major stakeholder in South Asian region and Asian
politics at large, it is cardinal for India not to escape its responsibilities. Even if
India does not sign the 1951 convention on Refugee safeguards, it is the need of India’s
foreign as well as the domestic policy makers to manage the refugee influx in its territory.
The urgency of India’s own refugee policy is underlined by the mounting refugee camps in
India as temporary residence of refugees with uncertain future. Moreover, the refugee crises
must not be dealt in accordance with the political taste of the state. It must be taken as
an integral component of countries future and image in the world politics. It is an issue
which requires much needed attention of the government, failing to which, it can put our
national interest at stake.
Dr. Ch. C. Prasad, Assistant Director (Retired),
Dr.B.R.ambedkar Open University, Hyderabad, Telangana and
T. Vijaya Gouri, Research Scholar, Department of English, Krishna University,
Machilipatnam, Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh.
Bureaucracy in spite of its so many shortcomings plays a vital role in the policy process of
governance. It is being a professional and skilled body of officials has a major roles such
as suggestive, analytical and informative to implement policies. In the present paper an
attempt has been made to analyse the role of bureaucracy in policy process in perspective at
below the district level and suggests required skills and capabilities to cope up with
dynamic internal and external environment in which it exist. For the purpose of study a
brief survey was undertaken among the District Collector’s of two Telugu speaking states
viz. Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. It is observed that an emotionally indifferent or neutral
bureaucracy will fail to deliver goods as policy process is a multi actor-centric. It is
also noticed that partnerships between civil society organisations and government agencies
have contributed to greater effectiveness in the implementation of welfare and development
programmes at grass root level. It is highlighted that bureaucrats who possess technical,
ethical and leadership competencies will be well served to citizens. Innovativeness and
citizen-caring virtues must be needed to cope up with changing environment at the grass-root
level. Further, it is highlighted that in the present scenario, bureaucrats and political
representatives have to be played multifaceted roles to provide good governance at local
level and to strengthen the grass-root democracy. In the present networking era of
governance, bureaucrats approach must be shift from its conservative and stereotypical,
traditional role to flexibility and openness approaches with accountability, responsiveness
roles to service citizen better.
Dr. Savita Kaushal, Associate Professor, Institute of
Advanced Studies in Education (IASE), Faculty of Education, Jamia Millia Islamia,
New Delhi.
Preschool education is widely recognized as a crucial component of a child’s learning,
leading to favorable outcomes in primary school. Children between the ages of three and six
are in their formative years of development, learning to acclimatize to new environments
away from home. Every early childhood education programme provides a loving, caring, and
stimulating environment for children, allowing them to develop the required skills and
competencies for studying the 3Rs (reading, writing, and arithmetic) in meaningful ways in
formal institutions. Preschool education enhances school readiness by easing a child’s
transition from a more unstructured home environment to a more formal and structured school
one.
Preschool education is important for increasing primary school enrollment and retention, as
well as supporting girls’ education, particularly in terms of childcare, health, and
nutrition. Various research studies have shown that the ECE programme has a good impact on
children. These benefits have been observed in terms of enhanced health, personality
development, learning new concepts, language acquisition, academic achievement, and a
lowering of primary school dropout rate among children who have participated in an ECE
programme.
This article is based on field research conducted in selected government-run and private
preschools in Delhi. According to the study, there is a strong necessity of major excellence
on quality grounds in both the preschools belonging to private and public sectors.
Dr. Phulmoni Das, Assistant Professor, Department of
Political Science, Government Model College, Deithor, Karbi Anglong, Assam and Robin
Hazarika, Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Kamargaon College,
Golaghat, Assam.
Electoral Politics of Assam has been witnessing different dimensions since its independence.
It was the Congress which dominated the electoral politics of late British and the early
post-independence period. Till 1996 the party had suffered defeat only in 1978 and 1985
assembly elections. But the electoral politics of the state since 1985 became a turning
point in Assam politics. It was the period which seen the debacle of congress and it also
coincided with the emergence of community based smaller parties often called regional
parties. The one party dominant system was giving way to a multi-party system in which
political parties of various ethnic groups or smaller cultural communities began to play a
significant role. This period also showed the emergence of Bharatiya Janata Party( BJP) and
which has also gradually playing a significant electoral force in the politics of the state.
It is in this context the rise of BJP in the politics of the state can be
contextualised.Therefore the present paper is an attempt to understand the BJP’s return to
power and the paper also tries to highlight the major grounds on which BJP’s success in the
state election 2021 in Assam can be interpreted.
K. V. Manjunatha, Assistant Professor & Principal,
Department of Political Science, Government First Grade College, Srinivaspur,
Karnataka.
Abstract: In the democratic political system voting places a very important role. Voting is
the life blood of democracy due to citizens elect their representatives through the
elections for forming a better government. People uses voting as a mode of interacting their
acceptance or rejection to governmental policies. Voting behaviour denotes to the responses
of citizens related to participating in the elections that take place for electing members
or their representatives of their local, regional, or national government. The study of
determinants of voting behaviour of people in Indian political system comprises a very
important area of study. An intensive literature review regarding study of the determinants
which inspire and influence the voters to use his right to vote in favour or against a
particular candidate. Voting behaviour is determined by different forces such as gender,
race and pressure groups religious and communities, the influence of money or charismatic
personality of a leader. The main purpose of the present study is to carry out literature
review regarding voting behaviour in India and to accentuate the factors that decide the
voting behaviour in India.
Dr. Jerry Alwin, Assistant Professor, Department of
Economics, Sree Narayana College, Varkala, Kerala, India.
The objective of the study is to examine the finances of southern states in India such as
Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Telangana during the period 2009-10 to
2019-20. In southern states, there is considerable difference in the fiscal situation in
terms of fiscal indicators, social sector expenditure and development expenditure. The
factors influencing the growth rate of revenue receipts are issues related to implementation
of GST, issues related to collection of non tax revenue and devolution of taxes and grants
according to recommendations of the UFCs. Persistent high level of revenue deficit forces
the states such as Andhra Pradesh Kerala and Tamil Nadu to rely on borrowings to meet
revenue expenditure. This has weakened the fiscal capacity for spending on capital items,
development and social sectors and has pushed these states to fiscal crisis. The above
analysis may be concluded as follows. In southern states, there is considerable difference
in the fiscal situation in terms of fiscal indicators, revenue receipts, revenue
expenditure, social sector expenditure and development expenditure.The factors influencing
the growth rate of revenue receipts are issues related to implementation of GST, issues
related to collection of non tax revenue and devolution of taxes and grants according to
recommendations of the UFCs. Persistent high level of revenue deficit forces the states such
as Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Kerala to rely on borrowings to meet revenue expenditure.
This has weakened the fiscal capacity for spending on capital items, development and social
sectors and has pushed these states to fiscal crisis. On the other hand revenue surplus
states such as Karnataka and Telangana can be rated as having sound fiscal management.
Dr. Swapna S. Prabhu, Assistant Professor, Department of
Political Science, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha.
The Government of Odisha has introduced various child-centric strategies and schemes since
1975 emphasising mainly on expectant and nursing mothers, maternal mortality rate, and women
nutritional deficiency, however, ignoring the aspect of ‘assess to child care’ for women
workers. This deprives the nursing mothers and their children of their basic right to good
health and nutrition. By analysing the existing social security measures introduced by the
State towards childcare, the paper argues that in order to promote the health and welfare of
mothers and children, strong legislations are needed that treat maternity and child care
services as one, besides generating awareness amongst the people about the rights of the
child to family environment and maternal care.
Arun Kumar Nayak, Reserch Fellow, P.G Department of
Public Administration, Utkal University, Odisha and
Prof. Padmalaya Mahapatra, HOD, P.G Department of Public Administration, Utkal
University, Odisha.
The right to food and freedom from hunger reemerged during the 1990s. The historical World
Food Summit was held in Rome in 1996, in which 185 countries participated and signed the
‘Rome Declaration on World Food Security which reaffirmed the right of everyone to have
access to safe and nutritious food. Consequently, the right to adequate food is recognized
as a fundamental human right. It is reiterated by The UN’s one of the Millennium Development
Goals (MDGs), viz. “Eradicate poverty and hunger”, by 2015 and subsequently it is the
foremost priority in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) goals to achieve by 2030. Food
security is an important means to realize the right to food. It means assured access to
adequate food for all members of the household throughout the year. India has been
witnessing the phenomenon of erratic monsoon consistently. It has serious implications on
the food sufficiency and food security of the country. Poor monsoons also affect the welfare
of people in terms of the availability of drinking water and employment opportunities. Food
security addresses the inherent issues like nutrition, health, education, economic access to
nutritious food and safe drinking water, and livelihood security of the marginalized
communities. Food insecurity being the result of social, economic, and livelihood
backwardness, the most affected are the socially and economically vulnerable sections of the
communities SCs, STs, and Muslims. The insecurity will be more among the landless laborers,
female-headed households and women, widows, the aged persons and households with more
children (especially the girl children), and casual workers who formed the core of the
vulnerable sections of the total population and consequently constitute the poorest
communities.
Nafeesath Sabida S.M, PhD. Scholar, Dept. of Social Work,
Pondicherry Central University, Puducherry and
Dr. A. Shahin Sultana, Profaessor, Dept. of Social Work, Pondicherry Central
University, Puducherry.
WHO officially listed snakebite envenoming as a highest priority neglected tropical disease
in June 2017. Nearly 5.4 million snakebites take place each year, resulting in 1.8 to 2.7
million cases of envenoming. Extensive community-level research on snakebite deaths in India
was estimated at 45,900 deaths in 2005. Annual snakebite deaths were most significant in the
state of Uttar Pradesh (8,700), Andhra Pradesh (5,200), and Bihar (4,500). The literature on
snakebite in India indicates that snakebite envenoming has failed to draw requisite
attention for public health policy inclusion and investment for dynamic, sustainable efforts
to reduce the medical and societal burden. This paper draws on a narrative review of the
economic, socio-cultural and ecological aspects of snakebite in India along with its public
health importance. Suggestions for improving the mitigation and management of snakebite by
actively engaging the members of society is put forward, focusing on WHO’s identified
objective of empowering and engaging local communities in halving snakebite mortality and
morbidity by 2030.
Dr. Ramesh Kumar, Associate Professor & Head, Department
of Political Science, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, Haryana.
In India’s economy and energy security, maritime trade plays a significant role. The Indian
Ocean Region handles the majority of India’s trade and energy supplies (IOR). The ocean is
said to carry the majority of India’s trade. As a result, safeguarding the marine region is
unavoidable. Apart from this, India’s location makes marine security a major worry for
policymakers in the country. India has a 7,517-kilometer coastline. Within the continent,
there are 5,422 kilometers. Andaman and Nicobar have a coastline of 1962 kilometers, whereas
Lakshadweep has a shoreline of 132 kilometers. Piracy, illegal landing of guns and
explosives, infiltration, use of the sea and off-shore islands for criminal activity, drug
and human trafficking and smuggling are just some of the threats that this extensive coast
line poses. The lack of physical barriers along the coast, as well as the presence of
critical businesses such as ports and critical defense facilities like as RADARs and nuclear
reactors, increases the danger and the necessity to secure its coastal territory.
Furthermore, there is a need to safeguard the ocean’s resources in a long-term way. Traded
products and services are delivered to land via ports located around the country and along
the coastline. This paper’s goal is to address the many concerns and challenges that India’s
maritime security faces. This article examines how these developments and difficulties have
influenced India’s assessment of maritime security in the Indian Ocean section, as well as
how India has developed its strategy to address them? The majority of the sources utilized
in this study are secondary.
V. Sriram, Chief Librarian, Centre for Development
Studies, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala.
For most researchers, the tedious aspects of their work are creating citations and managing
references and bibliographies. Zotero easily and effortlessly solves this problem. It is a
free and open source citation manager developed to help researchers to collect, manage, cite
and share research resources. This software which allows researchers to easily create,
communicate and collaborate with each other has caught the attention of library community
too. In a bid to retain core library users and to attract new users, libraries have always
adopted cutting edge tools. In this article the author explains in detail how to install,
configure, and effectively use the Zotero software. The different purposes, for which it can
be used in the library are also discussed. This article will serve as a ready reference for
researchers and library community who are on the lookout for a free simple tool to manage
resources.
Dr. Anthony Rodrigues, Professor & Director – Research
Centre, Department of Commerce, Goa University, and Prof. Alok Kumar Chakrawalm,
Vice Chancellor, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (Central University), Bilaspur,
It is often said that you cannot do things the same way and expect different results. In
order to see changes, one needs to do things differently. Industries shall not expect to see
growth if they do not invest in Skill Development. Therefore, investing in Skill Development
beneficial to the industries as much as to it is to employees. Skill Development always
leads to competitive advantage. In order to be the best, an individual needs to have
something that nobody else has. Hence, skill development helps in grooming and shaping an
individual into a leader. Among the three Talukas, Mormugao has the majority of unemployed
youth followed by Salcete since there is no exposure of other opportunities and facilities
available for youth, very few training centres, and no awareness. As compared to female,
male are the more unemployed since they are less educated, hence there is low employability.
Various schemes are available but youth are not fully aware of all the schemes except for
PMEGP, PMKVY, and PMRPY. Almost 80 percent of youth haven’t applied for the schemes because
of the long procedural issues, tedious paper work, etc. Youth wants to take up
self-employment jobs but are somehow not able to because of lack of education, fear if
failure, low self-confidence, fears of criticism, low personal morale, lack of finance, etc.
Most of the youth feel that if they are given assistance for self-employment, they can take
up self-employment schemes. Very few made an attempt to make use of self-employment schemes.
More preference is given to formal education rather than Skilling; hence educated unemployed
youth are not ready to avail for the schemes. Youth feel that in the near future the level
of educated unemployed will increase since the level of competition in job market is
increased.
Kavya C.T, Research fellow Department of Studies in
Political Science and
Dr. Midatala Rani, Professor, Department of Political Science, University of
Mysore.
The concept of women development sought to include women at deeper of levels of inclusions
in terms of political and Social and economic empowerment, which needs to be implemented at
the basement of the Social pyramid.
Even today women development seems to have different connotations. The women development
model is pondering upon either to seek collaborations or contradictions among the various
stakeholders of the society. It may include women & development, women development and child
welfare, gender studies or main streaming of women activism and movement. According to the
UN declaration on women development noted that, the interlink ages between women development
and its social, economic and political elements have been neglected with a serious discord
and same needs to be re-established and monitored .
Amartya Sen states that “State Policies Have No Meaning Unless They Consider the Weakest
Person of the Society”.
According to Amartya Sen the process of development can be witnessed as a “process of
expanding the capabilities of people.” Capabilities refer to the alternative combinations of
functioning the person can achieve, and from which a person can choose the choice of
alternatives to lead his /her life with social dignity and economic freedom and free- fair
will to participate in political movements. .The notion of freedom is embodied in the term
‘capabilities’ – the range of options a person has in deciding what kind of a life to lead .
Dr. BR Ambedkar distinctly makes the point of increasing gender ratio and making women
economically strong, through the revolutionary thoughts of political empowerment of women
.Indian constitution upheld that Women empowerment is the ability in women to take decisions
with regard to their life and work and giving equal rights to them in all spheres like:
personal, social, economic, political, legal considerations .(Article 14 , Article 15,
Article 16, Article 19, Article 21, Article 39 A, Article 42, Article 51, Article 243 D,
Article 243 T).
The present study attempts to analyse the Political Empowerment of Women through Self-Help
Groups in the region of Kodagu district of Karnataka state through empirical support of
primary data collected by using survey method of research. The study is dedicated to the
sample size of 150 members of Self-Help Groups functioning in Kodagu district. The
statistical techniques like percentage analysis, T test /ANOVA- Analysis of Variance are
used to assess Political Empowerment.
Bishakha Ghosh, Jamshedji TATA RULNR Institutional
Doctoral Fellow Centre for Economic and Social Studies, Hyderabad.
Access to an adequate amount of clean water is essential for maintaining good health and
also that access to water is essential for food production. People can be water poor in
terms of lack of accessing an adequate amount of water to meet their basic needs in the
absence of sufficient water sources in the local ecosystem. Present paper is an attempt to
analyse the link between poverty and access to irrigation at the farmer level. This paper is
also an attempt to understand role of conjunctive irrigation for improved access to
irrigation. Primary data at household level has been collected from two districts of the
state. Results show that income poverty is directly related to water poverty in terms of its
use for irrigation. It also explores the factors influencing access to irrigation water. Use
of conjunctive irrigation for better access to irrigation has been discussed at country and
state level.
Dr. Annamma Samuel, DPIIT-IPR Chair Professor, Gujarat
National Law University (GNLU), Attalika Avenue,
Knowledge Corridor, Koba, Gandhinagar, Gujarat.
Blockchain technology will help overcome the gap that exists gap between the two
contradicting goals of music copyright law. A blockchain has the ability to store music
files embedded with “smart contracts” that will automatically recognise when a musical work
is being used and what it is being used for. Subsequently, based on this recognition, it can
facilitate the transaction. This function will make the act of licensing sound recordings
more efficient and simpler, which in turn will decrease the transaction costs. The unsigned
or emerging artist will be incentivized for their collaboration and the original artist’s
work can be protected from being appropriated without proper compensation if the licensing
of sound recordings is available at a more economical cost. Therefore, the watertight
approach of “if you want to sample, get a license” will a strong deterrent effect on artist
creativity and collaboration123. Resultantly, this will open the door for courts to
unanimously shift towards adopting the bright line approach, which will create certainty and
clarity in a conventionally muddy doctrine without compromising an artist’s creativity.
While blockchain technology’s application to the music industry, especially in the
regulation of music sampling is exciting, there still exists policy and technological
hurdles that must be catered to before we can realize this vision in a fully-fledged manner.
Dr. Asha T. Rajan, Assistant Professor Govt College,
Attappady, Palakkad and
Dr. Ajitha S, Assistant Professor, Faculty of Public Administration, SDE, University
of Kerala.
Tourism development in national and international levels had attracted the ‘public policy
makers’ attention. Tourism development and marketing process are closely tied together and
can affect each other in different aspects. But tourism industry does not attain
considerable progress, due to lack of attention to marketing of the tourism (WTO,1997). A
country that has enough facilities and possess potential of tourism, but does not consider
marketing techniques, will not be successful in growing and developing its tourism industry.
Thus, in order to gain progress in tourism, giving attention to retrieval look is essential.
Recently, in tourism industry, the concept of destination marketing and branding has
attracted considerable attention and interest of researchers, Government and practicing
marketers all over the world. The emerging concept of destination marketing and branding,
even though is not widespread, carries important potential for tourism destinations. The
process of developing an understanding of the destination branding process as well as the
factors influencing its applicability is of great importance in the marketing of tourism. On
this background the present study tries to analyze the significance of marketing and
branding strategies adopted by Government of Kerala in the promotion of tourism. The study
analyses the marketing strategies of the Kerala tourism sector, perception of the tourists
about the promotional activities of Tourism in Kerala and the strategies adopted by the
supporting organizations. The findings of the study reveal that the marketing and branding
strategies in tourism industry leads to the overall development of tourism sector in Kerala.
Lijo Mon L, Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce,
Mar Ivanios College (Autonomous), Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala.
Due to the emergence of globalization and liberalization there is a stiff competition among
the automobile industries which are focusing attention in capturing the Indian markets
during this pandemic situation of COVID-19. At present automobiles have become a common need
and almost a necessity product. This sweeping change leads to increase in demand for
different types of automobiles. Automobile financing is a common facility provided by banks
and non-banking finance companies which include the people in the purchase of automobiles.
Public in this situation is more conscious about health, giving it the first priority. Here
the researcher tried to attempt a study on the impact of COVID-19 on consumer behavior in
automobile industry. 200 samples were drawn for the purpose of study by using convenient
sampling method. The study reveals that maximum of respondents made their self-decision
before making a purchase. It was extracted from the responses that when a buyer enters a
showroom to purchase a product, then most of the time he is with the frame of mind for the
product he is going for, the buyer does his homework and comes down with a frame of mind to
go for the product.