Secular Debate and Religious Resurgence:
Placing Religion in the Sphere of International Relations
Dr. Vinod Khobragade, Professor, Department of Political Science, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, (A Central University) Luc-know.
Religion has always been the significant feature of all societies. It not only has impacted the human perspective, but it also has impacted the perspectives in national politics and international relations of many countries. However, secularism also emerged as an anti-religion dimension, because of which religion actually could not find adequate space in many countries especially in the western world and so in the international relations too. But despite secularism and the worldwide debate around it, many countries did not allow the diminishing of religion and retained its significance in human life. Therefore, the world also observed resurgence of religion in the world. However, the resurgence in religion around the world has also increased the extreme religiosity, religious nationalism, and religious violence. Many countries have been applying religion as a means of nation-building projects. This paper analyses the secular aspect and the nature of religious resurgence in the sphere of international relations, and also tries to correlate the religious paradigm shift with the present socio-political structure. The paper also analyses the claims of both secularists and modernists proved wrong with the emergence of the “post-secular” ideas.
Dr. Nazmul Hussain Laskar, Assistant Professor in Political Science, Pandit Deen Dayal Government Model College, Katlicherra, Hailakandi, Assam.
The relationship between India and Russia has evolved significantly since its inception in the 1950s, shaped by geopolitical dynamics and shared strategic interests. Beginning with Soviet support for India’s sovereignty in Kashmir, the alliance deepened through diplomatic interventions during conflicts like the 1965 Indo-Pakistan War and India’s role in Bangladesh’s independence. Military cooperation became a cornerstone, highlighted by significant arms deals and joint production ventures, cementing Russia as India’s primary defence supplier. Economic ties, spanning sectors from energy to space, have grown steadily, culminating in ambitious trade targets and collaborative projects like the BrahMos missile system and joint space missions. Despite global geopolitical shifts, both countries have maintained a robust partnership, navigating challenges such as India’s non-alignment policy and recent international sanctions on Russia. This enduring relationship underscores mutual strategic benefits and a shared commitment to stability in Eurasia, reflecting India and Russia’s resilient diplomatic bond amidst evolving global realities.
Gaurav Pathak, Master's Scholar in Political Science, Department of South and Central Asian Studies, School of International Studies Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Dr. Santosh Kumar, Assistant Professor at Department of South and Central Asian Studies School of International Studies, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda.
This paper examines China's evolving role in Africa, assessing whether its influence stems from soft Power, complex power strategies, or a combination of both. As China's demand for resources escalates due to its rapidly expanding economy, the country has intensified its engagement in Africa, particularly through mining, oil, telecommunications, and infrastructure investments. These strategies have ignited global debate, with critics accusing China of exploiting African resources and imposing neo-colonial debt traps. Employing a dual lens of soft Power and complex strategy, this study investigates China's diplomatic, educational, and humanitarian initiatives alongside its increasing military and economic presence in the region. It evaluates China's self-presentation as a benign, cooperative partner in contrast to its geopolitical ambitions reflected in military expansion, resource extraction, and strategic alliances. By highlighting China's multifaceted influence—encompassing cultural exchanges, infrastructure projects, and military operations—this paper assesses whether China's presence in Africa promotes genuine development or reinforces its economic and strategic control. The findings suggest a nuanced approach, indicating that China utilises soft and hard strategies to secure its interests in Africa while promoting cooperation. Nonetheless, African nations must exercise caution, considering the long-term implications of their interactions with China.
Kriti , Doctoral Scholar, Department of Sociology and Political Science, Social Sciences, Dayalbagh Educational Institute (Deemed to be University), Agra, Uttar Pradesh.
Culture is a subjective and relative phenomenon to be précised as contextual not universal. These cultural morals endow with a specific identity of state that segregates diverse societies from each other. Culture contains a huge potential to influence the world community, therefore in the domain of soft power, culture performs an imperative role. Though, the notion of soft power incorporates numerous dimensions, despite that, culture is the most prominent source of soft power that attracts the states and willingly convinces the nation. India is eminent for its cultural fortune which provides a glorious portrait of India around the world, and several facets working as India’s soft power. In cultural dimensions, India has a brand and productive image in spheres of Bollywood around the world, which has succeeded in creating priorities for the nation and pondered one of the most admired modalities of India’s soft power. However, in the sphere of Bollywood, the present government of India has done nothing out of the ordinary, so, it became successful amongst India Diaspora but not in the whole world. Moreover, the Indian government is making minor efforts to explore the significance of Bollywood which creates hindrances in the success of the goal of soft power.
Abhijeet Kumar, Research Scholar, Department of Political Science and Development Administration, Gandhigram Rural Institute, Gandhigram, Dr.G.Palanithurai, Professor (Retd), Department of Political Science and Development Administration, Gandhigram Rural Institute, Gandhigram and Dr.G.George, Independent Researcher, Gandhigram.
The Street Vendors (Protection of Livelihood and Regulation of Street Vending) Act, 2014, was enacted to provide legal recognition, protect livelihoods, and regulate street vending in urban India. The Act emphasizes participatory governance through Town Vending Committees (TVCs), periodic surveys, vending certificates, designated vending zones, and grievance redressal mechanisms. This paper evaluates the implementation status of the Act using secondary data from government reports, civil society organizations, and academic studies. Findings suggest that while the Act provides a progressive legal framework, its execution remains uneven and incomplete across states. Key gaps include irregular and outdated vendor surveys, inadequate representation of vendors in TVCs, delays in issuing vending certificates, lack of functional vending zones, and poor awareness among vendors regarding their rights. The study concludes that despite the Act’s transformative potential, weak enforcement, institutional shortcomings, and administrative apathy hinder its effectiveness in safeguarding street vendors’ livelihoods.
Ramesh Sahu, Doctoral Scholar, School of Political Science, G.M. University, Sambalpur, Odisha, Prof. Gyanaranjan Swain, School of Political Science, Gangadhar Meher University, Sambalpur, Odisha.
Good governance and social security play a vital role in promoting the welfare of people and driving societal transformation. The success of social security programs hinges on the presence of effective governance. As such, international organizations like the International Social Security Association have underscored the pivotal role of good governance in social security. India, a welfare state, has initiated and implemented a plethora of social safety nets for its citizens. However, despite a lot of governance efforts and strategies, many Indian people are still deprived of basic services and requirements. With pertaining to such issue, the paper tries to critically examine the evolving strategies of good governance in India by focusing on emerging issues and challenges in the social security realm. The need of the hour for India is to focus more on robust governance strategies to achieve the desired outcome in social security programs.
Dr. Sahidul Ahmed, Assistant Professor, Department of Education Amguri College, Amguri, Assam.
This paper examines the state of primary education in SAARC countries, focusing on enrollment rates, the percentage of trained teachers, government expenditure on education, and the share allocated to primary education. The analysis highlights significant disparities across the region, shaped by varying socio-economic conditions, demographic challenges, and policy priorities. Countries like Bhutan, Nepal, and Sri Lanka exhibit strong commitments to primary education, with high teacher training rates and substantial budgetary allocations ensuring quality and access. In contrast, nations such as Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Afghanistan face systemic challenges, including low budget allocations, inadequate teacher training, and limited infrastructure, which hinder equitable educational outcomes.
The study underscores the critical need for sustained investment in primary education as a foundation for human capital development. It highlights the importance of increasing budgetary allocations, enhancing teacher training, and addressing disparities in rural and underserved areas. Additionally, regional collaboration within the SAARC framework is recommended to share best practices and address common challenges
Puja Dutta, Doctoral Scholar, Department of Mass Communication, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, West Bengal, Dr. Mugdha Sengupta, Assistant Professor, Department of Mass Communication, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan, West Bengal.
In the recent years, emergence and wide expansion of digital technology have created a pathway to digital world. The availability of internet services has made this way smooth with easy accessibility. Though the popularity of digital technology has raised high from the former days, it has become a need for every step of people’s lives after the post-COVID period. People are becoming more dependent on digital usage ranging from health to business or from education to banking everywhere. It has become an indispensable part of the societal lives. This study has focused on the educational discourse, particularly from the perspective of YouTube learning. Students can access this platform as their supplementary educational tool anytime from anywhere. It also offers the opportunity to access the educational videos in YouTube later and interact with the teachers in comment section. On the contrary, YouTube does not guarantee the authentication, which is the basic requirement of any educational content. This may create confusion among students and teachers also. In this research, an epistemological SWOT analysis has been conducted by examining the strengths, weakness along with the opportunities and threats of using YouTube considering the educational discourse.
Dr. D. Pulla Rao, Honorary Professor of Economics, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India.
Primary education constitutes a very important part of the entire structure of education. It is at this stage, the child starts going to a formal institution and formal education starts. Primary education in India has been under the control of a number of agencies. It is still under the management of the private agencies, though, the state is increasingly taking the responsibility of providing free and compulsory elementary education to all. Article 45 of the constitution provides for free and compulsory education for all children in the age-group 6-14 years, up to a minimum level. The whole idea has been woven into the concept of Universalization of Elementary Education (UGC). The level of compulsory education as envisaged in this Article corresponds to the elementary education of eight year’s duration from class I to class VIII for the children aged 6-14 years. The universalization of Elementary Education has been recognized as a constitutional obligation in India by the year 1960 but the target has not been achieved even after 54 years of the target year. Secondary education occupies a critical position in the entire educational structure and is described by many as the lintel of the entire educational edifice. It has been observed that secondary education takes place at the critical stage of adolescence; when attitudes to life and work are being shaped. In this paper we examined the growth in the enrollment of students by sex and the corresponding increase in the number of schools and also examined the trends in number of teachers by sex employed in primary, upper primary and secondary schools and to estimate the student-teacher ratio. The enrollment of girls has grown at a higher rate than that of boys during the entire period of the study. The significance of women teachers has been increasing over time and this should contribute positively to the growth and development of students. One important reason of the downfall in the quality and standard of school education during the recent decades may be the uneven growth of enrollment, number of teachers and number of schools, the enrollment growing faster than the other two.
Arun Kumar Nayak, Assistant Professor in Political Science at Talcher Autonomous College, Talcher and Doctoral Fellow in Public Administration, Utkal University Prof. Padmalaya Mahapatra, Head, Administration and Advisor at ABSMARI, Bhubaneswar.
In democratic societies, grassroots movements are pivotal in shaping food security strategies by advocating for equitable and sustainable food systems. This paper explores the dynamic interplay between grassroots activism and government policymaking, emphasizing how democratic participation can drive meaningful change in food security policies. By examining historical precedents and mechanisms of influence, we will understand the potential for synergy between grassroots initiatives and governmental actions. Additionally, the analysis delves into the roles of technology and social media in amplifying grassroots voices, demonstrating how digital platforms can facilitate broader participation and awareness. The importance of inclusive policy frameworks that integrate diverse community inputs is highlighted, ensuring that policies reflect the needs and perspectives of all stakeholders, particularly the most affected populations.
The study also addresses the necessity of transparency and accountability in both grassroots movements and governmental responses, advocating for mechanisms that enhance trust and collaboration between civil society and state actors. By identifying pathways for effective collaboration, the paper aims to propose strategies that lead to more inclusive and resilient food security policies. The goal is to foster sustainable food systems that can adapt to changing circumstances and challenges, ensuring food security for all. Ultimately, this research underscores the critical role of grassroots movements in democratic processes and their capacity to influence policy in ways that promote social justice and sustainability. Through a comprehensive examination of historical and contemporary examples, the paper provides valuable insights into how grassroots activism can be harnessed to create robust and equitable food security strategies in democratic societies.
Dr. Phulmoni Das , Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Government Model College, Deithor, Karbi Anglong, Assam , Robin Hazarika, Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Kamargaon College, Golaghat, Assam.
Assam electoral politics has been influenced by multiple factors since its independence. Ethnic diversity, rise of regional aspirations in the form of emerging regional political parties, issue of illegal immigration and the safeguard of the rights of Khilonjiyas (indigenous) are some of the prominent factors influences the politics of Assam. But the political landscape of the state has gone through massive changes with the rise of BJP and the debacle of congress since 2014 general Election. The present 2024 Lok Sabha election and its result is also significant for Assam as it can be contextualized through the lens of recent delimitation exercise done in the state before general election. The delimitation of constituencies which was due in 2006-07 could not be undertaken in case of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur and Jharkhand and the reason provided was the alleged presence of illegal immigrants and a deteriorating law and order situation. (Sultana, 2023) Election Commission has redrawn the boundaries and made significant changes to the constituencies. The exercise of delimitation, as carried out by the Election Commission of India after each census, plays a crucial role in shaping the political landscape. But in case of India since 2001 there is no general census, therefore the present delimitation of constituencies in Assam has been done on the basis of 2001 census with various political permutations and combinations. Therefore, the present article seeks to explain the politics of delimitation of constituencies and its influences on the newly create Kaziranaga constituency of Assam. Paper also aims to understand the role of the tea garden workers in determining the politics of the state. Tea garden community of Assam has been playing a decisive role in the political discourse of the state since independence. Number of Assembly constituencies of Assam has been influenced by the voters of the tea garden community. Various national and regional political parties such as Congress, BJP, AGP etc have been trying to manipulate their consent in favour of them without giving importance on solving their prime issues related to their livelihood and identity. Present Lok Sabha election also witnessed the lure of various political parties to gather the votes of the tea garden community. In this context the present article also reflects the various poll promises and policies provided by the BJP to the community and how far the pre poll promises or the schemes of the tea garden community have been successful in improving their socio economic and political conditions is also highlighted in the study.
Dr. V. Reghunath, Assistant Professor in Political science, NSS College, Pandalam, (Mahatma Gandhi University), Kerala.
Despite the improvements in Information and Communication Technologies, the gap between those who know the use of information technology and those who do not know are widening in a considerable rate. The internet as a tool of communication is very wellpenetrating both rural and urban areas of India. It is agreeable due to factual evidence that the daily usage of internet has grown to a great extend in both rural and urban India but a large number of population use the internet enabled communication technology only for entertainment purposes and connecting with social media applications. The digital divide as a social phenomenon exists in all the walks of life of Indians because India is a Country that utilises the e-governance in all possible fields of administration. It identifies the digital dividein education, health and financial sectors. In the education sector a large number of teachers lack the desired amount of knowledge for how to utilise digital technology for effective communication with students. The Indian health system has grown increasingly digital, and the digital ecosystem demands a more inclusive set of actors. However, the lack of infrastructure facilities for the mission mode implementation of programmes, as well as lack of digital literacy on the part of the receivers, created an obstacle in the program's
implementation.The Digital Divide problem is pervasive in the economy's financial sector, posing a serious threat to the financial industry's total digitization.
Mariadas Sanjay Agarapu, Doctoral Scholar in Law, Department of Law, Berhampur University, Odisha.
This paper is written in a doctrinal approach focusing on the theoretical analysis based on the secondary data keeping in mind the legal aspects. Sustainable development is a buzz word. Achieving it within the legal frame work without degrading environment is the goal of many nations including India. Sec 2(a) The Environment (Protection) Act 1986, defines – “Environment includes water, air and land and the inter-relationship, which exists among and between water, air and land and human beings, other living creatures, plants, micro-organism and property. The problem of environmental pollution is a global issue. It is as old as the evolution of Homo sapiens on this planet. Population explosion, poverty, industrialization, over exploitation of non-renewable resources, advancement of science and technology etc are some of the factors, which contribute environmental degradation. In international law, a depletion of the earth’s resources through pollution that transcends territorial boundaries. Global warming creating desertification and the slow destruction of ice at the poles would be obvious examples (Oxford dictionary of law) 7th edition.
Dr. Harish Dutt, Institute of Economic Growth, (North Campus), Unviersity of Delhi, Delhi.
Urban areas, particularly Delhi, are grappling with severe air pollution, resulting in an alarming increase in respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. The rapid urbanization and shrinking green spaces exacerbate the environmental crisis, highlighting the urgent need for sustainable solutions. Medicinal plants, long cherished for their health benefits, present a promising natural solution to mitigate air pollution. This article examines the role of medicinal indoor plants in purifying urban air, leveraging both traditional ecological knowledge and modern urban planning strategies. The specific aim of this paper is to explore how these indoor plants can improve air quality, reduce harmful pollutants, and foster a healthier, more sustainable urban environment. By integrating medicinal indoor plants like Tulsi, Aloe Vera, and Peace Lily into urban landscapes, we can enhance ecological balance, promote public health, and reconnect cities with nature, offering a viable path to urban air quality improvement.
J. S. Bhagavathi, Doctoral Scholar, Christ College (Autonomous), Irinjalakkuda, University of Calicut , Dr. Jisha S Kumar, Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce, Sree Krishna College, Guruvayur, University of Calicut.
Living wages are becoming an important global concern. Many people believe that they are the keystone that will enable decent work and assist in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. The amount that gig workers or independent contractors must make each day in order to make a living salary is known as the "living tariff." In addition to the expenditures of daily life, it also includes the cost of resources needed for the job, such as overhead, taxes, social security, and savings for retirement and illness. The Living Tariff has been devised by the WageIndicator foundation along with GIZ for India comprising of all the 28 states and 7 union territories excluding Ladakh. In this study, the data of all these geographic regions are collected for a comparative and contrast study. The study aims to group the different states of the country based on Minimum Living Tariff and to perform a comparative study. Cluster Analysis and Anova was performed to answer the Research Questions. The findings of the study provides insights that, Tamil Nadu requires high Minimum Living Tariff and Kerala and Lakshadweep requires low Minimum Living Tariff. Recommendations and suggestions have also been provided.
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Ashida. A. P., Research Scholar, Dept of Business Administration and Management, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies (KUFOS), Kochi., Dr. Afsal E. M., Associate Professor (Management), Dept of Business Administration and Management, Kerala University
of Fisheries and Ocean Studies (KUFOS), Kochi., Dr. Mohammed Roshif. U, Assistant Professor, Department of Management Studies, Malabar College of Advanced Studies, Vengara, Kerala.
The purpose of this research is to investigate empirically how decisions regarding capital structure impact sustainable practices as a gauge of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) performance among Indian companies which are included in the Nifty 100 ESG index. In this group, the 30 companies with the highest ESG scores from 2020 to 2024 are selected to study how their financial performance is impacted by their capital structure choices. The research variables are analyzed using multiple regression and a correlation matrix to identify the connection between capital structure and ESG. The study shows a complex relationship between a company's capital structure and its ESG performance. Total debt negatively affects overall ESG performance, but social and governance pillars positively relate to long-term and short-term debt, respectively. Profitability metrics like Return on Assets and Return on Equity also significantly impact ESG performance, suggesting trade-offs between financial returns and sustainability. Business executives should align financial planning with sustainability goals to enhance future wealth. Investors need to consider ESG disclosures and performance when assessing a company's value.
Anit Jose, Assistant Professor, Department of Professional Studies, St. Joseph’s Autonomous College, Devagiri, University of Calicut.
The study looks into how financial technology affects sustainable banking practices as a way to get a competitive edge. Using descriptive methodology, the factors influencing the performance are analysed. Hundred and two questionnaires that bank managers returned were included in the study. The presence of fintech is a key component in attaining performance. The results from the informants indicate that, from an experience-based standpoint, banks must first collaborate with a fintech organisation to conduct their businesses. According to informants, performance will be greatly impacted by fintech and competitive conditions both now and in the future. In order to maintain the performance, it follows that fintech cannot be ignored and must be welcomed as bank collaboration partners.
Bhukhanda Palita, Economist, District Planning & Monitoring Unit, Subarnapur, Odisha, Raj Kishor Pradhan, Senior Statistical Officer, NSO (FOD), Ministry of Statistics & Programme Implementation, Govt. of India, Sambalpur, Odisha, Rahul Kumar Si, Statistical Assistant, Tobacco Board, Ministry of Commerce & Industry, Govt. of India, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh.
Mobile Veterinary Unit (MVU) under the Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying, Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying is implementing the "Livestock Health and Disease Control Programme" to improve the animal health by way of implementation of prophylactic vaccination programmes against various diseases of livestock and poultry, capacity building, disease surveillance and strengthening of veterinary infrastructure. The study was carried in one of the livestock populated block of Subarnapur district of Odisha State i.e., Dunguripali to assess the types of services delivered by MVU in the distantly located villages, as per the views of beneficiaries. The study came out with the conclusion that, MVU was not only concerned with supply driven services but also concerned towards many of the demand driven services like outbreak of disease, flood, fire and road accident etc.
Manjusha P, Doctoral Scholar, Dr John Matthai Centre, Department of Economics, University of Calicut, Dr. Haseena V A, Associate Professor, Departement of Economics, MES College (Autonomious), Mampad, Dr. Dr Gigi Elias, Associate Professor and HOD, Department of Economics, St Peter’s College, Kolenchery.
Female labourforce participation has been low compared to that of males for decades and we have evidence that FLFPR is declining. But based on the PLFS data from 2017-18 and 2022-23 there is a slight increasing pattern in FLFPR by 12.3 per cent in rural and 4.3 per cent in urban at all India. In this paper we are analysing the female work participation in agriculture and allied sector in Kerala using NSSO data from 2015-2016 to 2022-23. By analysing the trends and patterns of the female labourforce, it is argued that there is a reverse structural change in the female workforce to agriculture after 2019-20. It is probably distress driven. In other words, it can be argued that there is an increasing female labourforce participation during the period of Covid in the agriculture sector. But they are not returning to other sectors in the post Covid period. They were continuing in the low paid agriculture sector.
Dr. Kumar Abhimanyu Singh, Secured his Doctoral Degree in Economics from Patliputra University, Patna.
The informal sector constitutes the backbone of India’s labour force, yet millions of workers remain invisible within welfare provisions and policy frameworks. This study critically examines the social and economic challenges faced by three of the most marginalized categories of informal workers: domestic workers, construction labourers, and brick kiln workers. Through a case study approach, the paper highlights how these groups, despite contributing significantly to urban and rural economies, continue to endure precarious working conditions, wage exploitation, gender discrimination, and the absence of formal social protection.
Domestic workers, largely women, experience invisibility in private households, lack of legal recognition, and denial of basic rights such as maternity leave or health benefits. Construction labourers, often seasonal migrants, face occupational hazards, wage delays, and inadequate implementation of welfare schemes such as the Building and Other Construction Workers’ Act. Brick kiln workers, many trapped in cycles of debt bondage, work under hazardous environments that perpetuate intergenerational poverty and child labour.
The comparative analysis reveals common structural vulnerabilities across these groups: informality, exclusion from labour laws, and weak policy enforcement. It argues that welfare schemes remain fragmented, underfunded, and poorly implemented, leaving these workers socially and economically insecure. The paper recommends strengthening universal social security, ensuring portability of welfare benefits for migrants, and recognizing informal workers as a central component of India’s growth story. Addressing these welfare gaps is not only a matter of social justice but also essential for inclusive development and the realization of Sustainable Development Goal 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth.
Panila Theengh, Doctoral Scholar, Department of Law, Sikkim University, Gangtok.
Sikkim, a small himalayan state in Northeastern India, is widely recognized for its ecological diversity, organic agricultural practices, and rich cultural heritage. Despite possessing several unique and location-specific products, the state remains significantly underrepresented in the Geographical Indication (GI) registry of India.
According to the GI Registry, a total of 697 products have been granted GI status, with 1,546 applications filed nationwide till 30th Dec. 2024. Among the 697 GIs listed by the GI Registry Authority, 32 are from the Northeast till date. Out of which, 22 products are from Agriculture-Horticulture sector and the remaining 10 are from handicrafts sector. Till date only 2 products from Sikkim got its GIs tag. Karnataka alone has 46 GI tags, making it one of the states with the highest registrations.
This paper seeks to critically examine the current status of Geographical Indications in Sikkim, explore the potential for expanding the state’s GI portfolio, and identify the key challenges that hinder wider recognition and protection of it products.
This study contributes to the broader discourse on intellectual property and regional development in India and highlights how Sikkim can leverage its unique identity for sustainable economic and cultural advancement through the effective use of Geographical Indications.
Dr. Sukanta Sarkar, Associate Professor, Department of Economics, College of Business and Economics
Gambella University, Post Box-126, Ethiopia.
This paper examines the type of farming, impact of type of employment, non-farm activities, land ownership, family size, indebtedness and number of animals on the standard of living. Statistical methods such as analysis of variance, post hoc analysis and regression analysis were used to analyze the data. The analysis is based entirely on raw data. The post-hoc analysis shows that respondents who involved in a different type of (rubber along with other) cultivation are having a higher level of living compared to those who are engaged only in rubber and non-rubber cultivation. The type of work, cultivation type, non-cultivation activities, livestock and land ownership are positively affected the level of livings of the shifting cultivators (jhumias) families who are rehabilitated in rubber cultivation. On the other hand, indebtedness has negatively effects on the level of livings. The research paper advised that types of cultivation, additional activities, land ownership, and livestock farming are important for improving the standard of livings of the families. The current paper revealed an overall picture of factors affecting the standard of livings of the Jhumias families.
Dr. D. Suseela, Faculty, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar college of Law, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam.
Ecologically, the tribal households are far from homogenous and as such display a diversity of high order. The areas of tribal concentration have been generally described as the forest and hilly areas of the country. Their ignorance and the long- sightedness of the money lenders play with the tribal lives. With less income they take less nutrient food and it leads to health problems among scheduled tribals. This paper addresses the food and health status of scheduled tribes in the study area. Expenditure on food takes the major share of expenditure made by the sample households and followed by paying interest on loans and medical care. The average intake of food items in the sample population of both Visakhapatnam and Vizianagaram Districts is not up to the suggested level. This malnutrition may be one of the causes for their starvation and high disease prevalence in the study area. The disease prevalence rate for females in the total sample is around 29 per cent. Malaria and general fevers are widely prevalent in the study areas. Most of the scheduled tribes do not agree for modern medicine, and they are reluctant to accept it. Most of the women did not consult doctors when they need. In this regard, the government should initiate the tribals the importance of the medical care.
Dr Madhu Thawani, Dept of Public Administration, V. N. South Gujarat University, Surat.
Dr B R Ambedkar, popularly known as Babasaheb Ambedkar, He was a well-known economist, politician, social reformer and a lawyer. Ambedkar was a multifaceted genius. His contribution in various fields of law, sociology, economics, political science, public administration, anthropology and comparative religion is recognized. He has a deep understanding of complex and diverse Indian social system and had deep faith in constitutional methods for social transformation and change in Indian Society. In this paper we will discuss the philosophy and contribution of Dr. B. R Ambedkar in Indian Society.